Which of the following terms describes waves typically influenced by factors like local wind and gravity?

The correct answer is Surface Gravity Waves. This term specifically refers to waves that are generated on the surface of a body of water, primarily influenced by the gravitational pull acting on the water and the local wind conditions. As wind blows across the water's surface, it imparts energy to the water, creating waves that are characterized by both the surface tension of the water and the force of gravity trying to restore the water surface to equilibrium.

Surface Gravity Waves can vary significantly in size and period depending on the strength of the wind and the distance over which it blows (the fetch). These waves are crucial in understanding coastal dynamics and marine engineering, as they directly impact erosion, sediment transport, and wave energy.

In contrast, while Standing Waves are characterized by certain wave patterns and do not have net energy transfer in the direction of wave propagation, and Seiches refer to standing waves in an enclosed body of water caused by changes in atmospheric pressure or wind, Wind Waves is a term that could also describe Surface Gravity Waves, but it is more of a subset of the latter. Surface Gravity Waves is thus a broader and more accurate term for what is described in the question.